¹Sandra Ball-Rokeach, “A Theory of Media Power and a Theory of Media Use: Different Stories, Questions, and Ways of Thinking,” Mass Communication & Society 1 (1/2), (January 1998): 5-40.

²Ball-Rokeach, “A Theory of Media Power,” 32.

³Donna Hoffman, William Kalsbeek, and Thomas Novak, “Internet and Web Use in the U.S.,” Communications of the ACM 39 (December 1996): 36-46.

⁴Mary Madden (2006), “Report Evolution of the Internet,” Pew Internet http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/182/report_display.asp. Accessed February 3, 2007.

⁵Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur, “A Dependency Model of Mass Media Effects,” Communication Research 3 (January 1976): 3-21.

⁶Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur, Theories of Mass Communication (5th ed.). (White Plains, NY: Longman,1989); Sandra Ball-Rokeach, Milton Rokeach, and Joel Grube, The Great American Values Test: Influencing Behavior and Belief Through Television. (New York: The Free Press, 1984).

⁷Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur, Theories of Mass Communication, 1989; Ball-Rokeach, Rokeach and Grube, The Great American Values Test.

⁸Ball-Rokeach, Rokeach, and Grube, The Great American Values Test.

⁹Joo-Young Jung, Jack Linchuan Qiu, and Yong-Chan Kim, “Internet Connectedness and Inequality: Beyond the ‘Divide,’ Communication Research 28 (August 2001) 507-535; Dhavan V. Shah, Jack M. McLeod, and So-Hyang Yoon, “Community, Context, and Community: An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences,” Communication Research 28 (August, 2001) 464-506.

¹⁰Stephen Lacy and Todd F. Simon, The Economics and Regulation of United States Newspapers (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1993).

¹¹Stephen Lacy, “Commitment of Financial Resources as a Measure of Quality,” in Measuring Media Content, Quality, and Diversity, ed. R. G. Picard (Turku, Finland: Turku School of Business Administration, 2000).

¹²Norbert Mundorf and Kenneth R. Laird, “Social and Psychological Effects of Information Technologies and Other Interactive Media,” in Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 2nd edition, eds. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002); Thomas F. Stafford, Marla R. Stafford, and Lawrence L. Schkade, “Determining Uses and Gratifications for the Internet,” Decision Sciences 35 (May 2004): 259-288.

¹³Zizi Papacharissi and Alan M. Rubin, “Predictors of Internet Use,” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44 (spring 2000): 175-196.

¹⁴Thomas F. Stafford, and Marla R. Stafford, “Identifying Motivations for the Use of Commercial Web Sites,” Information Resources Management Journal 14 (winter 2001): 22-31.

¹⁵Barbara K. Kaye and Thomas J. Johnson, “Online and in the Know: Uses and Gratifications of the Web for Political Information,” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46 (March 2002): 54-72.

¹⁶Andrew J. Flanagin and Miriam J. Metzger, “Internet Use in the Contemporary Media Environment,” Human Communication Research 27 (January 2001): 153-181.

¹⁷Mohan J. Dutta-Bergman, “Complementarity in Consumption of News Types Across Traditional and New Media,” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 48 (March 2004): 41-60.

¹⁸Werner J. Severin and Werner J. Tankard, Jr., Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, and Uses in the Mass Media, 2nd ed. (New York: Longman, 2001); Alan M. Rubin, “The Uses and Gratifications Perspective of Media Effects,” in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 2ndedition, eds. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002).

¹⁹Ball-Rokeach, “A Theory of Media Power,” 32.

²⁰Ester De Waal, Klaus Schöbach, and Edmund Lauf, “Online Newspapers: A Substitute or Complement for Print Newspapers and Other Information Channels?” Communication 30 (January 2005): 55-72.

²¹De Waal, Schöbach, and Lauf, “Online Newspapers,” 69.

²²Chyi and Lasorsa, “An Exploratory Study.”

²³Hsiang I. Chyi and Dominic Lasorsa, “An Exploratory Study on the Market Relation Between Online and Print Newspapers,” Journal of Media Economics 15 (2, 2002): 91-106.

²⁴De Waal, Schöbach, and Lauf, “Online Newspapers.”

²⁵Chyi and Lasorsa, “An Exploratory Study.”

²⁶Enrique Dans, “Internet Newspapers: Are Some More Equal Than Others?” The International Journal of Media Economics 2 (1, 2000): 4-13.

²⁷Dans, “Internet Newspapers,” 4.

²⁸Matthew Gentzkow, “Valuing New Goods in a Model With Complementarity: Online Newspapers,” American Economic Review 97 (summer 2007): 713-744.

²⁹Joel Waldfogel, Consumer Substitution among Consumers (Washington, DC: Federal Communication Commission Media Ownership Working Group, 2002).

³⁰Waldfogel, Consumer Substitution among Consumers, 4.

³¹Barbara K. Kaye and Thomas J. Johnson, “From Here to Obscurity?: Media Substitution Theory and Traditional Media in an On-Line World,” Journal of American Society for Information Science and Technology 54 (3, February 2003): 260-273.

³²Daniel Riffe and Bill Reader, “Most Rely on Newspapers for Local Business News, Newspaper Research Journal 28 (spring 2007): 82-98.

³³Dutta-Bergman, “Complementarity in Consumption.”

³⁴John B. Horrigan, “The Internet as a Resource for News and Information About Science,” Pew Internet & American Life Project. http://www.pewinternet.org/. Accessed on February 18, 2007.

³⁵Judith A. Levy and Rita Strombeck, “Health Benefits and Risks of the Internet,” Journal of Medicine Systems 26 (December 2002): 495-510.

³⁶Wenhong Luo and Mohammad Najdawi, “Trust-Building Measures: A Review of Consumer Health Portals,” Communication of the ACM 47 (January 2004): 109-113.

³⁷Laurence Baker, Todd H. Wagner, Sara Singer, and Kate M. Bundorf, “Use of the Internet and E-Mail for Health Care Information,” Journal of the American Medical Association 289 (Spring 2003): 2400-2406.

³⁸Joseph A. Diaz, Rebecca A. Griffin, James J. Ng, Steven E. Reinert, Peter D. Friedmann, and Anne W. Moulton, “Patient’s Use of the Internet For Medical Information,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 17 (March 2002): 180-185.

³⁹Diaz et al. “Patient’s Use of the Internet For Medical Information.”

⁴⁰Pew Internet & American Life Project (2006). “Online Health Search” http://www.pewinternet.org/ Accessed February 17, 2007.

⁴¹Daniel Riffe, “Both Sides of the Digital Divide in Appalachia: Uses and Perceived Benefits of Internet Access,” (paper presented at the annual convention of AEJMC, Kansas City, Missouri,July/August 2003); Pippa Norris, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

⁴²William E. Loges and Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, “Dependency Relations and Newspaper Readership,” Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 602-614.

⁴³United States Census Bureau. (2005). 2005 American community survey.http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_submenuId=factsheet_1&_s Accessed on February 17, 2007

⁴⁴American Community Survey, 2005.

⁴⁵The Gallup Poll. (2007). “Party Affiliation,” http://www.galluppoll.com/content/default.aspx?ci=15370. Accessed on February 17, 2007.

⁴⁶The coefficients are the natural log values of the increase in odds that a case will be classified as having a characteristic with a one-unit increase in the independent variable.

⁴⁷For more information about logistic regression see Tabachnick and Fidell (1996).

⁴⁸Riffe, “Both Sides of the Digital Divide”; Norris, Digital Divide.

⁴⁹Loges and Ball-Rokeach, “Dependency Relations.”

⁵⁰Lacy, “Commitment of Financial Resources.”

⁵¹Loges and Ball-Rokeach, “Dependency Relations.”

⁵²Loges and Ball-Rokeach, “Dependency Relations.”

⁵³Ball-Rokeach, “A Theory of Media Power.”