¹Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (NY: The Free Press, 1995), 392.

²Newspaper Association of America, “2004 Facts About Newspapers.” (accessed: 3 January 2006).

³Rusty Todd, “Integration — How is the Traditional Newsroom Reacting to Online Journalism?” 1999 Online Journalism Symposium, a project of the Knight Chair in Journalism at the University of Texas at Austin. (3 January 2006).

⁴Nora Paul, “Integrating Old and New Media Newsrooms,” Poynter Online, 30 June 1998. < http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=5678> (accessed: 3 January 2006).

⁵Paul, “Integrating Old and New Media Newsrooms.”

⁶David Noack, “Crossfire: Print vs. Online Newsrooms,” Editor & Publisher 131 (accessed: 14 February 1998): 38.

⁷Paul, “Integrating Old and New Media Newsrooms.”

⁸Rusty Coats, “2001 Brings New Challenges for Newspapers Online,” MORI Research, Minneapolis, Minn. (accessed: 28 March 2002).

⁹Hays Goodman, “Print, Online Combination Beginning to Bear Fruit,” Newspapers and Technology (January 2005). (accessed: 3 January 2006).

¹⁰Ibid.

¹¹Brian L. Steffens and Martha Steffens, “Digital Media’s Mission: Innovation and Integration,” The Digital Edge (January 2003). (accessed: 3 January 2006).

¹²Jane B. Singer, “Changes and Consistencies: Newspaper Journalists Contemplate Online Future,” Newspaper Research Journal 18, no. 1-2 (winter/spring 1997):17.

¹³Ibid, 16

¹⁴George S. Day and Paul J.H. Schoemaker, “A Different Game,” in Wharton on Managing New Technologies, eds. George S. Day, Paul H. Schoemaker with Robert E. Gunther (NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000): 22.

¹⁵Scott Clark, “Looking at the Present: The Current Status of Journalism on the Internet,” 2001 Online Journalism Symposium, a project of the Knight Chair in Journalism at the University of Texas at Austin. (accessed: 3 January 2006).

¹⁶Peter Zollman, “The Key Question: Integration or Independence,” Online Technology (April 2000). < http://www.newsandtech.com/issues/2000/04-00/ot/04-00_zollman.htm> (accessed: 3 January 2006).

¹⁷Goodman, “Print, Online Combination Beginning to Bear Fruit.”

¹⁸Bozena I. Mierzjewska and C. Ann Hollifield, “Theoretical Approaches in Media Management Research,” in Handbook of Media Management and Economics, eds. Alan B. Albarran, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted and Michael O. Wirth (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006): 48.

¹⁹Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 392.

²⁰Gracie Lawson-Borders, “Integrating New Media and Old Media: Seven Observations of Convergence as a Strategy for Best Practices in Media Organizations.” The International Journal on Media Management 5, no. II (2003): 93.

²¹Lawson-Borders, “Integrating New Media” 94.

²²Jerry Northrup, “Preparing Your Newsroom for the Digital World,” Newspapers & Technology (June 2002). < http://www.newsandtech.com/issues/2002/06-02/ifra/06-02_dotink.htm> (accessed: 3 January 2006).

²³See, for example, Northrup, “Preparing Your Newsroom for the Digital World”; Melinda Gipson, “20 Tips To Improve Newsroom Integration,” The Digital Edge (February 2003). (6 May 2005); and Jane Ellen Stevens, “Moving Online Into the Newsroom,” Online Journalism Review (accessed: 3 December 2003). (3 January 2006).

²⁴Northrup, “Preparing Your Newsroom for the Digital World.”

²⁵See, for example, Singer, “Changes and Consistencies: Newspaper Journalists Contemplate Online Future,” 17; J.D. Lasica, “Keeping online staffers in exile,” American Journalism Review 20, no. 4 (May 1998): 72, (accessed: 3 January 2006); Newspaper Association of America, “Opportunities in Anarchy: A Blueprint for Building Online Services” (1995); and Northrup, “Preparing Your Newsroom for the Digital World.”

²⁶Singer, “Changes and Consistencies: Newspaper Journalists Contemplate Online Future,” 17.

²⁷Jane B. Singer, “Online Staffers: Superstars or Second-class Citizens?” Newspaper Research Journal 20 (summer 1999): 45.

²⁸Ann M. Brill, “Online Journalists Embrace New Marketing Function,” Newspaper Research Journal 22 (spring 2001): 28-40.

²⁹William P. Cassidy, “Variations on a Theme: The Professional Role Conceptions of Print and Online Newspaper Journalists,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82 (summer 2005): 262-280.

³⁰Le Templar, “Convergence: We’re Coming Together, but Where Are We Going?” Society of Professional Journalists (11 November, 2002). (accessed: 3 January 2006).

³¹Jane B. Singer, “Campaign Contributions: Online Newspaper Coverage of Election 2000,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80 (spring 2003): 39.

³²Noack, “Crossfire: Print vs. Online Newsrooms.”

³³Northrup, “Preparing Your Newsroom for the Digital World.”

³⁴Pablo J. Boczkowski, “The Processes of Adopting Multimedia and Interactivity in Three Online Newsrooms,” Journal of Communication 54 (June 2004): 197-213.

³⁵Pablo J. Boczkowski, Digitizing the News: Innovations in Online Newspapers (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2005): 172.

³⁶Bruce Garrison, “Newspaper Size as a Factor in Use of Computers for Newsgathering,” Newspaper Research Journal 20 (summer 1999): 72; and S. Martin, “External information databases in small circulation newsrooms,” Newspaper Research Journal 15 (spring 1994): 165-160.

³⁷Newslink’s list of “major metro newspapers” consists of "(m)ass-market newspapers that publish a full range of regularly updated general news content online and in print in an effort to serve as a dominant local or regional general-circulation news publication for any of the nation's 50 largest consolidated metropolitan statistical areas, each with a population in excess of 1 million, as determined by the latest U.S. Census Bureau population estimates." Definition provided by Eric Meyer, associate professor of journalism at the University of Illinois and Newslink Associates managing partner. Personal communication on Sept. 18, 2003 and Sept. 3, 2004, (accessed: 12 August 2003).

³⁸Jennifer Greer and Donica Mensing, “U.S. News Web Sites Better, But Small Papers Still Lag,” Newspaper Research Journal 25 (spring 2004): 98-112.

³⁹Participating newspapers were: Arizona Republic, Atlanta Journal Constitution, Austin (TX) American Statesman, Baltimore Sun, Buffalo News, Charlotte Observer, Chicago Sun-Times, Chicago Tribune, Christian Science Monitor, Cincinnati Post, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Columbus Dispatch, Commercial (TN) Appeal, Dallas Morning News, Denver Post, Deseret (UT) News, Florida Sun-Sentinel, Florida Times-Union, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Grand Rapids Press, Greensboro News Record, Hartford (CT.) Courant, Houston Chronicle, Indianapolis Star, Kansas City Star, Los Angeles Daily News, Las Vegas Review-Journal, Los Angeles Times, Louisville Courier-Journal, Miami Herald, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Minneapolis Star Tribune, New Jersey Star-Ledger, New Orleans Times-Picayune, Newsday, New York Post, New York Times, Orange County (CA) Register, Orlando Sentinel, Palm Beach Post, Portland Oregonian, Providence (RI) Journal, Raleigh News & Observer, Richmond (VA.) Times Dispatch, Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, Rocky Mountain News, Sacramento Bee, San Antonio Express-News, San Jose Mercury News, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Seattle Times, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, St. Paul Pioneer Press, St. Petersburg Times, Tampa Tribune, (CA) Press Enterprise, Detroit News, San Diego Union Tribune, USA Today, Virginian Pilot, Washington Post, Washington Times and Winston-Salem Journal.

⁴⁰Richard Valliant, Alan H. Dorfman and Richard M. Royall, Finite Population Sampling and Inference: A Prediction Approach (New York: Wiley, 2000).

⁴¹George A. Morgan and Robert J. Harmon, “Sampling and External Validity,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38:8 (1999); 1051-1054.

⁴²Barbara G. Tabachnick and Linda S. Fidell, Using Multivariate Statistics, 2nd Ed. (New York: Harper Collins, 1989).

⁴³Of the 63 respondents, 15 reported having a converged news desk, 6 reported they did not have a converged desk but one was planned, and the remainder — 42 — reported there was no converged news desk.

⁴⁴Lawson-Borders, “Integrating New Media and Old Media: Seven Observations of Convergence as a Strategy for Best Practices in Media Organizations.”

⁴⁵See, for example, Northrup, “Preparing Your Newsroom for the Digital World”; Gipson, “20 Tips To Improve Newsroom Integration”; and Stevens, “Moving Online Into the Newsroom.”

⁴⁶Iver Peterson, “Commitments, and Questions, on Electronic Newspapers,” The New York Times (26 February 1996): D7.

⁴⁷Northrup, “Preparing Your Newsroom for the Digital World;” Stevens, “Moving Online Into the Newsroom;” and John Fish, presentation at the Newspaper Association of America’s Annual Marketing Conference, (2002). (3 January 2006).

⁴⁸Singer, “Online Staffers: Superstars or Second-class Citizens?” 42.

⁴⁹Steffens and Steffens, “Digital Media’s Mission: Innovation and Integration.”

⁵⁰Garrison, “Newspaper Size as a Factor in Use of Computers for Newsgathering,” 77.

⁵¹Singer, “Campaign Contributions: Online Newspaper Coverage of Election.”

⁵²Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations.

⁵³Goodman, “Print, online combination beginning to bear fruit.”

⁵⁴Boczkowski, Digitizing the News: Innovations in Online Newspapers, 187.