Notes for "Determinants of Internet News Use: A Structural Equation Model Approach"

¹Lee Rainie, Michael Cornfield and John Horrigan, "The Internet and Campaign 2004," www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_2004_Campaign.pdf (accessed May 16, 2005).

²John Horrigan and Lee Rainie, "Counting on the Internet," www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Expectations.pdf (accessed on May 16, 2005).

³Celilie Gaziano, "How Credible is the Credibility Crisis," Journalism Quarterly 65 (Summer 1988): 267-278, 375.

⁴Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, "A Theory of Media Power and A Theory of Media Use: Different Stories, Questions and Ways of Thinking," Mass Communication & Society 1(1/2) (1998): 5-40.

⁵Padmini Patwardhan and Jin Yang, "Intensity and Goal Dimensions of Internet Dependency Relations: A Media System Dependency Theory Perspective," Southwest Mass Communication Journal 19(1) (2003):65-75; Padmini Patwardhan and Jin Yang, "Internet Dependency Relations and Online Consumer Behavior: A Media System Dependency Theory on Why People Shop, Chat and Read News Online," Journal of Interactive Advertising 3(2) (2003): www.jiad.org/Vol3/no2/patwardhan/index.htm.

⁶Pradeep Korgaonkar and Lori D. Wolin, "A Multivariate Analysis of Web Usage," Journal of Advertising Research 39(2) (1999): 53-68.

⁷Tamar Charney and Bradley Greenberg, "Uses and Gratifications of the Internet," in Communication, Technology and Society: New Media Adoption and Uses, eds. Carolyn Lin and David Atkin (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton, 2001), 379-407.

⁸Robyn Greenspan, "Three Quarters of Americans Have Access from Home," www.clickz.com/news/article.php/3328091 (accessed Oct. 6, 2004).

⁹Pew Internet and American Life, "Internet Activities," www.pewinternet.org/trends/Internet_Activities_4.23.04.htm (accessed Oct.6, 2004).

¹⁰Richard Davis, The Web of Politics: The Internet Impact on the American Political System (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

¹¹Andrew Kohut and Lee Rainie, "Political Sites Gains, But Major News Sites Still Dominate: Modest Increase in Internet Use for Campaign 2002," www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PRC_PIP_Election_2002.pdf (accessed Oct. 6, 2004).

¹²Ibid.

¹³Judee K. Burgoon and Michael Burgoon, "Predictors of Newspaper Readership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (Autumn 1980): 589-596; Jeff Sobal and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, "Newspaper Nonreaders: A National Profile," Journalism Quarterly 58 (Spring 1981):9-13, 28; Bruce H. Westley and Werner J. Severin, "A Profile of the Daily Newspaper Nonreader," Journalism Quarterly 41 (Spring 1964): 45-50, 156.

¹⁴Aikat, "Of Online News,"; Guido H. Stempel III, Thomas Hargrove and Joseph P. Bernt, "Relation of Growth of Use of the Internet to Changes in Media Use from 1995 to 1999," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (Spring 2000): 71-79; S. McLung, "Who Uses College Radio Station Web Sites," Feedback 40(4) (1999):27-34.

¹⁵Susannah Fox, "Older Americans and the Internet," www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Seniors_Online_2004.pdf (accessed Oct. 6, 2004).

¹⁶John Horrigan, Lee Rainie, Katherine Allen, Angie Boyce, Mary Madden and Erinn O'Grady, "The Ever Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at Internet Access and the Digital Divide," www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Shifting_Net_Pop_Report.pdf (accessed May 16, 2005).

¹⁷Justin Mayo and Glenn Leshner, "Assessing the Credibility of Computer-assisted Reporting," Newspaper Research Journal 28 (Autumn 2000):65-82.

¹⁸Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye, "Cruising is Believing? Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (Summer 1998): 325-340; Tony Rimmer and David Weaver, "Different Questions, Different Answers? Media Use and Media Credibility," Journalism Quarterly 64 (Spring 1987): 28-36, 44; Westley and Severin, "A Profile of the Daily Newspaper Nonreaders."

¹⁹Gaziano, "How Credible."

²⁰Rimmer and Weaver, "Different Questions, Different Answers,"; Westley and Severin, "A Profile of the Daily Newspaper Nonreader."

²¹Johnson and Kaye, "Cruising is Believing."

²²Wolfgang Schweiger, "Media Credibility – Experience or Image?" European Journal of Communication 15(1) (2000): 37-59.

²³David Astor, "Survey Finds More Net Use and Trust," Editor & Publisher 15 May 2000, 35.

²⁴Susannah Fox and Lee Rainie, "Vital Decisions: How Internet Users Decide What Information to Trust When They or Their Loved Ones Are Sick," www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Vital_Decisions_May2002.pdf (accessed Oct. 6, 2004).

²⁵August E. Grant, Kendall K. Guthrie and Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, "Television Shopping: Media System Dependency Perspective," Communication Research 18(6) (1991): 773-798; Ball-Rokeach, "A Theory of Media Power."

²⁶Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, Gerard J. Power, Kendall K. Guthrie and H. Ross Waring, "Value-framing Abortion in the United States: An Application of Media System Dependency Theory," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 2(1990): 250.

²⁷Ball-Rokeach, "A Theory of Media Power,"; Williams E. Loges, "Canaries in the Coal Mine: Perception of Threat and Media System Dependency Relations," Communication Research 21(1) (1994): 5-23.

²⁸Loges, "Canaries in the Coal Mine."

²⁹Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, Milton Rokeach and Joel W. Grube, The Great American Values Test: Influencing Behavior and Belief Through Television (New York: The Free Press, 1984).

³⁰Loges, "Canaries in the Coal Mine."

³¹Ball-Rokeach, Rokeach and Grube, "The Great American Values Test."

³²Ibid.

³³Loges, "Canaries in the Coal Mine."

³⁴Williams E. Loges and Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, "Dependency Relations and Newspaper Readership," Journalism Quarterly 70 (Autumn 1993): 602-614.

³⁵August E. Grant, "Media Dependency and Multiple Media Sources," in The Psychology of Political Communication, ed, Ann N. Crigler (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 1998): 209.

³⁶Padmini Patwardhan and Jin Yang, "Intensity and Goal Dimensions of Internet Dependency Relations: A Media System Dependency Theory Perspective," Southwestern Mass Communication Journal 19(1)(2003): 65-75.

³⁷Patwardhan and Yang, "Internet Dependency Relations and Online Consumer Behavior."

³⁸Loges and Ball-Rokeach, "Dependency Relations and Newspaper Readership,"; Loges, "Canaries in the Coal Mine,"; Stephanie A. Skumanich and David P. Kintsfather, "Individual Media Dependency Relations Within Television Shopping Programming," Communication Research 25(2) (1998):200-218; Jin Yang, "Dependency Relations and the Time Spent on Web-based Online News: Predicting the Amount of Time Spent on Web-based Online News in General, International News and National New," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Conference, Chicago, IL, Nov. 2002).

³⁹In this case, it is the connection between perceived credibility of the Internet news and Internet current affairs news use (H2) and the connection between Internet Dependency Relations and Internet current affairs news use (H3).

⁴⁰Leo Bogart, Press and Public: Who Reads What, When, Where and Why in American Newspapers (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989).

⁴¹Michael Robinson and Andrew Kohut, "Believability and the Press," Public Opinion Quarterly 52(2) (1988):174-189.

⁴²Johnson and Kaye, "Cruising is Believing."

⁴³Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, "The Origins of Individual Media-System Dependency: A Sociological Framework," Communication Research 12(4) (1985):485-510.

⁴⁴Grant, Guthrie and Ball-Rokeach, "Television Shopping."

⁴⁵Williams E. Loges and Joo-Young Jung, "Exploring the Digital Divide: Internet Connectedness and Age," Communication Research 28(4) (2001):536-562.

⁴⁶Lee Rainie and Dan Packel, "More Online, Doing More: 16 million newcomers get Internet Access in the Last Half of 2002 as Women, Minorities and Families with Modest Incomes Continues to Surge Online," http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Changing_Population.pdf (accessed July 12, 2005).

⁴⁷Paul Harwood and Lee Rainie, "Nearly a Quarter of Online Americans Use the Internet at Places Besides Home or Work: More Than Half of Internet Users Go Online in Multiple Places," http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Other_Places.pdf (accessed July 12, 2005).

⁴⁸What should be noted here is that the study only focused on web-based news rather than other types of online news such as email news alert or bulletin board forums or newsgroup postings. While there is no evidence to tell which means of news access is efficiently better in cyber news delivery, web-based Internet news seems to be more common.

⁴⁹Johnson and Kaye, "Cruising is Believing."

⁵⁰Ball-Rokeach, Rokeach and Grube, "The Great American Values Test"; Grant, Guthrie and Ball-Rokeach, "Television Shopping."

⁵¹Grant, Guthrie and Ball-Rokeach, "Television Shopping."

⁵²Johnson and Kaye, "Cruising is Believing."

⁵³David R. Schaefer and Don A. Dillman, "Development of a Standard E-mail Methodology: Results of An Experiment," Public Opinion Quarterly 62(1998): 378-397.

⁵⁴S. W. Huck, Reading Statistics and Research (3rd Edition) (New York: Longman, 2000).

⁵⁵Kevin E. Kelloway, Using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling: A Researcher's Guide (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1998): 19.

⁵⁶Ibid.

⁵⁷Geng Cui, Sjef Van Den Berg and Yansong Jiang, "Cross-cultural Adaptation and Ethnic Communication: Two Structural Equation Models," The Howard Journal of Communication 9(1) (1996):69-85.

⁵⁸Li-tze Hu and Peter M. Bentler, "Evaluating Model Fit," in Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues and Applications, ed. Rich H. Hoyle (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995):76-99.

⁵⁹We caution you here about some marginal fit indices. On the other hand, we would like to point out that we have presented and used multiple measures of fit to evaluate the paths. Loehlin (1987) notes that the use of multiple fit indices will position a researcher as a person with seven watches: If they all agree, you know what time it is, but if they don't, you are no better off than a person with no watch. (John C. Loehlin, "Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path and structural analysis," in ?????????? (Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum, 1987).

⁶⁰Kelloway, "Using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling," 39

⁶¹Johnson and Kaye, "Cruising is Believing"; Rimmer and Weaver, "Different Questions, Different Answers"; Loges and Ball-Rokeach, "Dependency Relations and Newspaper Readership," Loges, "Canaries in the Coal Mine"; Skumanich and Kintsfather, "Individual Media Dependency Relations."

⁶²Johnson and Kaye, "Cruising is Believing"; Rimmer and Weaver, "Different Questions, Different Answers."

⁶³Loges and Ball-Rokeach, "Dependency Relations and Newspaper Readership," Loges, "Canaries in the Coal Mine"; Skumanich and Kintsfather, "Individual Media Dependency Relations."