Notes for "Reporters as Sources: To What Degree Do Broadcast News Personnel Offer Expert Testimony in News Stories?"

¹Leon V. Sigal, "Sources Make the News," in Reading the News, eds. Robert K. Manoff and Michael Shudson (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 9-37.

²Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the News (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920), 92.

³James W. Carey, "Why and How? The Dark Continent of American Journalism," in Robert K. Manoff and Michael Shudson, eds. Reading the News (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 159.

⁴Martin Mayer, Making News (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1993), 67.

⁵Jane D. Brown, C.R. Bybee, Stan Wearden and Dulcie Straughan, "Invisible Power: News Sources and the Limitations of Diversity," Journalism Quarterly 64 (1987): 45-54; Sigal, "Sources Make the News."

⁶D.C. Whitney, M. Fritzler, S. Jones, A. S. Mazzarella and Lana Rakow, "Geographic and Source Biases in Network Television News 1981-1984," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 33 (1989): 159-74.

⁷Newspaper Credibility: Building Reader Trust (Washington,D.C.: American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1985), 5-62.

⁸Fred Fedler and Tim Counts, "Vaiations in Attribution Affect Readers' Evaluations of Stories," Newspaper Research Journal 3 (Spring 1981): 25-34.

⁹K. Tim Wulfemeyer and Lori L. McFadden, "Anonymous Attribution in Network News," Journalism Quarterly 63 (Autumn 1986): 468-473.

¹⁰Hugh M. Culbertson, "Veiled Attribution-An Element of Style?" Journalism Quarterly 55 (Autumn 1978): 456-465.

¹¹K. Tim Wulfemeyer, "How and Why Anonymous Attribution is Used by Time and Newsweek," Journalism Quarterly 62 (Spring 1985): 81-86, 126.

¹²Wulfemeyer and McFadden, "Anonymous Attribution in Network News."

¹³"Newspaper Credibility."

¹⁴Virginia D. Fiedler and David H. Weaver, "Public Opinion on Investigative Reporting," Newspaper Research Journal 4 (Winter 1982): 54-62.

¹⁵Daniel Riffe, "Relative Credibility Revisited: How 18 Sources are Rated," Journalism Quarterly 57 (Winter 1980): 618-623.

¹⁶Kevin G. Barnhurst and Catherine A. Steele, "Image-Bite News: The Visual Coverage of Elections on U.S. Television, 1968-1992," Press/Politics 2 (1997): 40-58; Maria Grabe, Shuhua Zhou and Brooke Barnett, "Sourcing and Reporting in News Magazine Programs: 60 Minutes vs. Hard Copy," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (1999): 293-311; Daniel C. Hallin, "Sound-Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988," Journal of Communication 42 (Spring 1992): 5-24.

¹⁷Grabe et al, "Sourcing and Reporting," p. 295.

¹⁸Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Knopf, 1993), 35.

¹⁹Hallin, "Sound-Bite News."

²⁰20 Carl I. Hovland, Irving Janis and Harold Kelley, Communication and Persuasion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953); Daniel J. O'Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and Research (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990).

²²Gallup News Service, "Nurses Displace Pharmacists at Top of Expanded Honesty and Ethics Poll," 16 November 1999, Company Press Release; Doris A Graber, Mass Media and American Politics (Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1989).

²³ Daniel Riffe, Stephen Lacy and Frederick Fico, Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research (Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998).

²⁴Barnhurst et al, "Image-Bite News"; Grabe et al, "Sourcing and Reporting"; Hallin, "Sound-Bite News."

²⁵Sigal, "Sources Make the News."

²⁶Sigal, "Sources Make the News," 16.

²⁷Barbara Matusow, The Evening Stars: The Making of the Network News Anchor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 252.

²⁸Matusow, The Evening Stars, 273.

²⁹29 Carey, "Why and How?"