²Laurie Mifflin, "Groups Strike Agreement to Add TV Ratings Specifics," The New York Times 10 July 1997, A12.

³Cynthia Cooper, Violence on Television: Congressional Inquiry, Public Criticism, and Industry Response (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996), 6.

⁴E.C. Gathings, "Air Waves and Newsstands," Congressional Record. 82nd Cong., 1st sess., 1951, A3742.

⁵U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on the Federal Communications Commission. Investigation of Radio and Television Programs. 82nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1952.

⁶Willard Rowland, The Politics of TV Violence: Policy Uses of Communication Research (CA: Sage Publications, 1983).

⁷Christopher H. Sterling and John M. Kittross, Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting. 2d ed. (CA: Wadsworth, 1990).

⁸U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile Delinquency (District of Columbia). 83rd Cong., 2d sess., 1954.

⁹David Halberstam, The Fifties (NY: Villard Books, 1993)195.

¹⁰Sterling and Kittross, Stay Tuned, 319.

¹¹Rowland, The Politics of TV Violence, 99-100.

¹²Halberstam, The Fifties, 195.

¹³Rowland, The Politics of TV Violence, 23.

¹⁴Kenneth C. Creech, Electronic Media Law and Regulation, 2d ed. (Boston, MA: Focal Press, 1996), 51-85.

¹⁵See Sydney Head, Broadcasting in America (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1956), 45 for a discussion of the FCC's "Mayflower" decision and Sydney Head, Christopher Sterling and Lemuel Schofield, Broadcasting in America, 7th ed. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1994), 342, 381 for a brief discussion of congressional response to the "War of the Worlds" broadcast.

¹⁶Congressional Record. 81st Cong., 2d sess., 14 March 1950, 3285.

¹⁷Ibid, 16 March 1950, 3479.

¹⁸Ibid, 3479-3480.

¹⁹Appendix to the Congressional Record. 81st Cong., 2d sess., 1950, A5282.

²⁰Appendix to the Congressional Record. 82nd Cong., 1st sess., 1951, A3742.

²¹Ibid, A3742.

²²Congressional Record. 82nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1952, 5058.

²³U.S. Congress. Investigation of Radio and Television Programs, 1.

²⁴U.S. Congress, Investigation of Radio and Television Programs, 1.

²⁵Congressional Record. 82nd Cong., 2d sess., 1952, 5058.

²⁶U.S. Congress, Investigation of Radio and Television Programs.

²⁷Ibid, 2. See also U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Investigation of Radio and Television Programs. 82nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1952. H. Rept. 2509.

²⁸Rowland, The Politics of TV Violence, 100.

²⁹Rowland, The Politics of TV Violence, 100.

³⁰U.S. Congress. Investigation of Radio and Television Programs, 30-73.

³¹U.S. Congress, Investigation, H. Rept. 2509, 10.

³²U.S. Congress. Investigation, H. Rept. 2509, 12.

³³See Cooper, Violence on Television, and Robert M. Liebert and Joyce Sprafkin, The Early Window: Effects of Television on Children and Youth. 3rd ed. (NY: Pergamon, 1988), 60.

³⁴U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Judiciary. Juvenile Delinquency. 83rd Cong., 2d sess., 1954. S. Rept. 1064.

³⁵Ibid, 1.

³⁶U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile Delinquency (District of Columbia). 83rd Cong., 2d sess., 1954, p. 396.

³⁷See U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delingquency, S. Rept. 1064 for further details.

³⁸U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delinquency, S. Rept. 1064, 5.

³⁹U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile Delinquency (Motion Pictures), Juvenile Delinquency (Comic Books), and Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs). (Three separate volumes.) 83rd Cong., 2d sess., 1954.

⁴⁰Statements from both Senator Hendrickson in 1954 and Senator Kefauver in 1955 leads one to assume that television and radio reporters covered the hearings although the record never states this as such. Senator Hendrickson says, "... the Chair, with apologies to the press, radio, and television, will declare a recess until two o'clock this afternoon." U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 209. During the 1955 hearings, Senator Kefauver tells Commissioner Frieda Hennock of the FCC, "Since this is a television hearing, the television boys would like to take some pictures of you while you are testifying." U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 84th Cong., 1st sess., 1955, 24.

⁴¹U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1954, 65.

⁴²Estes Kefauver. Papers. University of Tennessee Library. MS. 837, Box 96, Folders 1-3.

⁴³Mrs. Hugh J. Lucas. Letter written to Estes Kefauver. Kefauver Papers. University of Tennessee Library. MS. 837, Box 96, Folders 1-3.

⁴⁴U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1954.

⁴⁵Ibid, 36.

⁴⁶U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1954, 107.

⁴⁷Ibid, 81-82.

⁴⁸Ibid, 182.

⁴⁹U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1954, 83, 96.

⁵⁰Ibid, 233-234.

⁵¹Ibid, 130-134.

⁵²U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1954, 47.

⁵³Ibid, 127-128.

⁵⁴Ibid, 279.

⁵⁵U.S. Congress, Investigation of Radio and Television Programs, 465.

⁵⁶U.S. Congress, Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1954, 290.

⁵⁷Joseph Bruce Gorman, Kefauver: A Political Biography (NY: Oxford University Press, 1971), 197.

⁵⁸J. Derr, "'The Biggest Show on Earth': The Kefauver Crime Committee Hearings." The Maryland Historian 17(2), 1986: 19-37.

⁵⁹Greg Lisby, "Early Television on Public Watch: Kefauver and His Crime Investigation." Journalism Quarterly 62(Summer 1985): 236-242.

⁶⁰See both Derr and Lisby articles for further information on the organized crime hearings.

⁶¹Edward Chester, Radio, Television and American Politics (NY: Sheed & Ward, 1969), 76.

⁶²Charles Fontenay, Estes Kefauver: A Biography (TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 31.

⁶³Derr, "The Biggest Show", 24.

⁶⁴Lisby, "Early Television," 238.

⁶⁵Gorman, Kefauver, 198.

⁶⁶Fortenay, Estes Kefauver, 318.

⁶⁷See Jack Anderson and Frank Blumenthal, The Kefauver Story (NY: The Dial Press, 1956) and Gorman, Kefauver, 197.

⁶⁸George Gallup, "The Gallup Poll: Air Waves Share Blame," Washington Post and Times Herald, 21 November 1954.

⁶⁹U.S. Congress. Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1955, 1-3.

⁷⁰Ibid, 6, 17.

⁷¹U.S. Congress. Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1955, 83.

⁷²Ibid, 87-99.

⁷³Ibid, 69.

⁷⁴Ibid, 70.

⁷⁵Gorman, Kefauver, 198.

⁷⁶Mary Alice Guitar, "TV Violence - The Kids React," in Violence and the Mass Media, ed. Otto Larsen (NY: Harper & Row, 1968) 47-50.

⁷⁷U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Television and Juvenile Delinquency. 84th Cong., 2d sess., 1956. S. Rept. 1466.

⁷⁸Ibid, 31.

⁷⁹Richard Clendenen. Letter to Mr. Langdon West. Kefauver Papers. University of Tennessee Library. MS 837, Box 72, Senate Subcommittee Folder.

⁸⁰U.S. Congress, Television and Juvenile Delinquency, S. Rept. 1466, 49, 57.

⁸¹Fortenay, Estes Kefauver, 265, 279.

⁸²Keisha L. Hoerrner, "Symbolic Politics: Congressional Interest In Television Violence from 1950 to 1996." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly (to be published in the Winter 2000 issue).

⁸³Federal Communications Commission, "Children's Television Programming and Advertising Practices: Report and Order," Federal Register 49, 1984: 1704-1714. See also Federal Communications Commission, "Children's Television Report and Policy Statement," Federal Register 39, 1974: 39396-39409.

⁸⁴Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990).

⁸⁵Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, Television and Growing Up: The Impact of Televised Violence. Report to the Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971).

⁸⁶S. Feshbach, "The Stimulating Versus Cathartic Effects of a Vicarious Aggressive Activity." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 63(1961): 381-385..

⁸⁷Keisha L. Hoerrner, "Symbolic Politics: An Historical, Empirical, and Legal Discussion of Congressional Efforts and the Issue of Television Violence" (Ph.D. diss., University of Georgia, 1998), 46.

⁸⁸47 U.S.C. § 303c (Supp. III 1991). The Television Program Improvement Act is Title V of Public Law 101-650, Judicial Improvements Act of 1990.

⁸⁹47 U.S.C. § 303(b)(1)(1) (1996).

⁹⁰U.S. Congress. Juvenile Delinquency (Television Programs), 1954, 228.

⁹¹Mifflin, "Groups Strike Agreement," A12.

⁹²Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969).

⁹³319 U.S. 190 (1943).

⁹⁴Ibid, 219.

⁹⁵NBC v. U.S., 319 U.S. 190 (1943), 215-216.

⁹⁶Ibid, 226.

⁹⁷William T. Mayton, "The Illegitimacy of the Public Interest Standard at the FCC." Emory Law Journal 38 (Summer 1989): 715 - 769.

⁹⁸Ibid, 744.

⁹⁹Radio Corporation of America et al. v. United States et al., 341 U.S. 412 (1951) and Federal Communication Commission v. American Broadcasting Co, Inc., 347 U.S. 284 (1954).

¹⁰⁰Henry C. Black, Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1990), 499.

¹⁰¹341 U.S. 412, 425 (1951).

¹⁰²1949 (Cmd. 8116, 1951) 75, cited in 341 U.S. 412, 428 (1951).

¹⁰³Federal Communications Commission, "Network Programming Inquiry: Report and Statement of Policy." Federal Register 25 (1960), 7291-7296.

¹⁰⁴U.S. Congress. Investigation of Radio and Television Programs, 465.

¹⁰⁵Hoerrner, "Symbolic Politics: An Historical," 58.

¹⁰⁶Cooper, Violence on Television, 163-174. See also Hoerrner, "Symbolic Politics: An Historical," 46.

¹⁰⁷Murray Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (IL: University of Illinois Press, 1970).

¹⁰⁸Sterling and Kittross, Stay Tuned, 356-359.

¹⁰⁹Philip M. Napoli, "The Marketplace of Ideas Metaphor in Communications Regulation." Journal of Communication 49 (Autumn 1999): 151-167, 165.

¹¹⁰Sterling and Kittross, Stay Tuned, 361-364.

¹¹¹Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee, Television and Growing Up.

¹¹²Fortenay, Estes Kefauver, 283.

¹¹³U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee of the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile Delinquency, Part 10: Effects on Young People of Violence and Crime Portrayed on Television. 87th Cong., 2d sess., 1962.

¹¹⁴Hoerrner, "Symbolic Politics: An Historical," 46.